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CERT(sm) Advisory CA-93:14
Original issue date: September 30, 1993
Last revised: August 30, 1996
              Information previously in the README was inserted into the
              advisory.

              A complete revision history is at the end of this file.

Topic: Internet Security Scanner (ISS)
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

The CERT Coordination Center has received information concerning
software that allows automated scanning of TCP/IP networked computers
for security vulnerabilities.  This software was posted to the
comp.sources.misc Usenet newsgroup.  The software package, known as ISS
or Internet Security Scanner, will interrogate all computers within a
specified IP address range, determining the security posture of each
with respect to several common system vulnerabilities.  The software
was designed as a security tool for system and network administrators.
ISS does not attempt to gain access to a system being tested.
However, given its wide distribution and ability to scan remote
networks, the CERT/CC believes that it is likely ISS will also
be used to locate vulnerable hosts for malicious reasons.

While none of the vulnerabilities ISS checks for are new, their
aggregation into a widely available automated tool represents a higher
level of threat to networked machines.  The CERT/CC staff has analyzed
the operation of the program and strongly recommends that administrators
take this opportunity to re-examine systems for the vulnerabilities
described below.  Detailed below are available security tools
that may assist in the detection and prevention of malicious use of
ISS.  Finally, common symptoms of an ISS attack are outlined to allow
detection of malicious use.


Vulnerabilities probed by ISS
- -----------------------------

The following vulnerabilities are currently tested for by the ISS tool.
Administrators should verify the state of their systems and perform
corrective actions as indicated.

Default Accounts   The accounts "guest" and "bbs", if they exist, should
                   have non-trivial passwords.  If login access to these
                   accounts is not needed, they should be removed, or
                   disabled by placing a "*" in the password field and the
                   string "/bin/false" in the shell field in /etc/passwd.
                   See the system manual entry for "passwd(1)" for more
                   information on changing passwords and disabling
                   accounts.

                   For example, the /etc/passwd entry for a disabled guest
                   account should resemble the following:

                   guest:*:2311:50:Guest User:/home/guest:/bin/false

lp Account         The account "lp", if it exists, should not allow logins.
                   It should be disabled by placing a "*" in the password
                   field and the string "/bin/false" in the shell field in
                   /etc/passwd.

Decode Alias       Mail aliases for decode and uudecode should be disabled
                   on UNIX systems.  If the file /etc/aliases contains
                   entries for these programs, they should be removed, or
                   disabled by placing a "#" at the beginning of the line
                   and then executing the command "newaliases".  Consult
                   the manual page for "aliases(1)" for more information on
                   UNIX mail aliases.

                   A disabled decode alias should appear as follows:

                   # decode: "|/usr/bin/uudecode"

Sendmail           The sendmail commands "wiz" and "debug" should be
                   disabled.  This may be verified by executing the
                   following commands:

                   % telnet <hostname> 25
                   220 host Sendmail 5.65 ready at Wed, 29 Sep 93 20:28:46 EDT
                   wiz
                   You wascal wabbit!  Wandering wizards won't win!
                   (or 500 Command unrecognized)
                   quit

                   % telnet <hostname> 25
                   220 host Sendmail 5.65 ready at Wed, 29 Sep 93 20:28:46 EDT
                   debug
                   500 Command unrecognized
                   quit

                   If the "wiz" command returns "Please pass, oh mighty
                   wizard", your system is vulnerable to attack.  The
                   command should be disabled by adding the following
                   line to the sendmail.cf configuration file containing
                   the string:

                   OW*

                   For this change to take effect, kill the sendmail
                   process, refreeze the sendmail.cf file, and restart
                   the sendmail process.

                   If the "debug" command responds with the string
                   "200 Debug set", you should immediately obtain a newer
                   version of sendmail software from your vendor.

Anonymous FTP      Anonymous FTP allows users without accounts to have
                   restricted access to certain directories on the system.
                   The availability of anonymous FTP on a given system may
                   be determined by executing the following commands:

                   % ftp hostname
                   Connected to hostname.
                   220 host FTP server ready.
                   Name (localhost:jdoe): anonymous
                   530 User anonymous unknown.
                   Login failed.

                   The above results indicate that anonymous FTP is not
                   enabled.  If the system instead replies with the
                   string "331 Guest login ok" and then prompts for a
                   password, anonymous FTP access is enabled.

                   The configuration of systems allowing anonymous FTP
                   should be checked carefully, as improperly configured
                   FTP servers are frequently attacked.  Refer to CERT
                   Advisory CA-93:10 for more information.

NIS                ISS attempts to guess the NIS domainname.  The program
                   will try to grab the password file from ypserv.

                   See CERT Advisory CA-92:13 for more information regarding
                   SunOS 4.x machines using NIS.

                   See CERT Advisory CA-93:01 for more information regarding
                   HP machines using NIS.

NFS                File systems exported under NFS should be mountable only
                   by a restricted set of hosts.  The UNIX "showmount"
                   command will display the file systems currently exported
                   by a given host:

                   % /usr/etc/showmount -e hostname
                   export list for hostname:
                   /usr          hosta:hostb:hostc
                   /usr/local    (everyone)

                   The above output indicates that this NFS server is
                   exporting two partitions: /usr, which can be mounted by
                   hosta, hostb, and hostc; and /usr/local which can be
                   mounted by anyone.  In this case, access to the
                   /usr/local partition should be restricted.  Consult the
                   system manual entry for "exports(5)" or "NFS(4P)" for more
                   information.

rusers             The UNIX rusers command displays information about
                   accounts currently active on a remote system.  This may
                   provide an attacker with account names or other
                   information useful in mounting an attack.  To check for
                   the availability of rusers information on a particular
                   machine, execute the following command:

                   % rusers -l hostname
                   hostname: RPC: Program not registered

                   If the above example had instead generated a list of
                   user names and login information, a rusers server is
                   running on the host.  The server may be disabled by
                   placing a "#" at the beginning of the appropriate line
                   in the file /etc/inetd.conf and then sending the SIGHUP
                   signal to the inetd process.  For example, a disabled
                   rusers entry might appear as follows:

                   #rusersd/2 dgram rpc/udp wait root /usr/etc/rusersd rusersd

rexd               The UNIX remote execution server rexd provides only
                   minimal authentication and is easily subverted.  It
                   should be disabled by placing a "#" at the beginning of
                   the rexd line in the file /etc/inetd.conf and then
                   sending the SIGHUP signal to the inetd process.  The
                   disabled entry should resemble the following:

                   #rexd/1 stream rpc/tcp wait root /usr/etc/rexd rexd

                   See CERT Advisory CA-92:05 for more information regarding
                   IBM AIX machines using rexd.

Available Tools
- ---------------

There are several available security tools that may be used to prevent or
detect malicious use of ISS.  They include the following:

COPS               The COPS security tool will also detect the
                   vulnerabilities described above.  It is available
                   from ftp://info.cert.org/pub/tools/cops/1.04

ISS                Running ISS on your systems will provide you with the
                   same information an attacker would obtain, allowing you
                   to correct vulnerabilities before they can be exploited.
                   Note that the current version of the software is known
                   to function poorly on some operating systems.

                   ISS version 3.1 is available from
                   ftp://iss.net/pub/iss/iss13.tar.gz
                   ftp://info.cert.org/pub/tools/iss/

                   MD5 checksum for the files:

                   MD5 (iss13.tar.gz) = 1caa02756876d41a659a828dae561a92
                   MD5 (iss13.tar) = 793d7a12577de33ba2dac52c2126c938


TCP Wrappers       Access to most UNIX network services can be more closely
                   controlled using software known as a TCP wrapper.  The
                   wrapper provides additional access control and flexible
                   logging features that may assist in both the prevention
                   and detection of network attacks.  This software is
                   available via anonymous FTP from cert.org in the
                   directory pub/tools/tcp_wrappers.


Detecting an ISS Attack
- -----------------------

Given the wide distribution of the ISS tool, CERT feels that remote
attacks are likely to occur.  Such attacks can cause system warnings
to be generated that may prove useful in tracking down the source of
the attack.  The most probable indicator of an ISS attack is a mail
message sent to "postmaster" on a scanned system similar to the
following:

    From: Mailer-Daemon@hostname (Mail Delivery Subsystem)
    Subject: Returned mail: Unable to deliver mail
    Message-Id: <9309291633.AB04591@>
    To: Postmaster@hostname

       ----- Transcript of session follows -----
    <<< VRFY guest
    550 guest... User unknown
    <<< VRFY decode
    550 decode... User unknown
    <<< VRFY bbs
    550 bbs... User unknown
    <<< VRFY lp
    550 lp... User unknown
    <<< VRFY uudecode
    550 uudecode... User unknown
    <<< wiz
    500 Command unrecognized
    <<< debug
    500 Command unrecognized
    421 Lost input channel to remote.machine

       ----- No message was collected -----

According to Eric Allman, the author of sendmail, log information may be
displayed differently depending on the particular configuration and version of
sendmail being used.

Typically the most probable indicator of such an attack is a mail message sent
to "postmaster" for the scanned system.  Please note, however, that other
possible indications of an ISS attack for other sendmail configurations may
appear as shown below.

For sendmail 8.x, you might see output similar to the following:

Apr  8 03:19:17 HOSTNAME sendmail[27374]: wwww.xxx.yyy.zzz [123.456.789.0]: VRFY decode
Apr  8 03:19:18 HOSTNAME sendmail[27375]: wwww.xxx.yyy.zzz [123.456.789.0]: VRFY bbs
Apr  8 03:19:18 HOSTNAME sendmail[27376]: wwww.xxx.yyy.zzz [123.456.789.0]: VRFY lp
Apr  8 03:19:18 HOSTNAME sendmail[27377]: wwww.xxx.yyy.zzz [123.456.789.0]: VRFY uudecode
Apr  8 03:19:18 HOSTNAME sendmail[27372]: "wiz" command from wwww.xxx.yyy.zzz [123.456.789.0]

Apr  8 03:19:18 HOSTNAME sendmail[27372]: "debug" command from wwww.xxx.yyy.zzz [123.456.789.0]


Other versions may display different messages, for example:

Apr  8 03:19:19 HOSTNAME ftpd[27378]: FTP LOGIN REFUSED (ftp not in /etc/passwd) FROM wwww.xxx.yyy.zzz [123.456.789.0], anonymous
Apr  8 03:19:19 HOSTNAME ftpd[27378]: USER anonymous
Apr  8 03:19:19 HOSTNAME ftpd[27378]: PASS password
Apr  8 03:19:19 HOSTNAME ftpd[27378]: reply: 503-Login with USER first.
Apr  8 03:19:19 HOSTNAME ftpd[27378]: cmd failure - not logged in
Apr  8 03:19:19 HOSTNAME ftpd[27378]: reply: 530-Please login with USER and PASS.
Apr  8 03:19:19 HOSTNAME ftpd[27378]: PWD
Apr  8 03:19:19 HOSTNAME ftpd[27378]: cmd failure - not logged in
Apr  8 03:19:19 HOSTNAME ftpd[27378]: reply: 530-Please login with USER and PASS.
Apr  8 03:19:19 HOSTNAME ftpd[27378]: MKD test
Apr  8 03:19:19 HOSTNAME ftpd[27378]: cmd failure - not logged in
Apr  8 03:19:19 HOSTNAME ftpd[27378]: reply: 530-Please login with USER and PASS.
Apr  8 03:19:19 HOSTNAME ftpd[27378]: RMD test
Apr  8 03:19:19 HOSTNAME ftpd[27378]: QUIT
Apr  8 03:19:19 HOSTNAME ftpd[27378]: reply: 221-Goodbye.


- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
The CERT Coordination Center would like to thank Steve Weeber from
the Department of Energy's CIAC Team for his contribution to this advisory.
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

If you believe that your system has been compromised, contact the CERT
Coordination Center or your representative in FIRST (Forum of Incident
Response and Security Teams).

Internet E-mail: cert@cert.org
Telephone: 412-268-7090 (24-hour hotline)
           CERT personnel answer 8:30 a.m.-5:00 p.m. EST(GMT-5)/EDT(GMT-4),
           and are on call for emergencies during other hours.

CERT Coordination Center
Software Engineering Institute
Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890

Past advisories, information about FIRST representatives, and other
information related to computer security are available for anonymous FTP
from info.cert.org.

Copyright 1993, 1996 Carnegie Mellon University
This material may be reproduced and distributed without permission provided
it is used for noncommercial purposes and the copyright statement is
included.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Revision history

Aug. 30, 1996  Information previously in the README was inserted into the
                 advisory.
June 09, 1995  "Available Tools" section - gave pointers to ISS version 3.1
Feb. 02, 1995  "Detecting an ISS Attack" section - added details from the
                 sendmail author about logs

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